75504 2712-8172 Magazine of Civil Engineering 2 110 2022
RAR RUS 11001-11001 0000-0001-9910-4587 Transbaikal State University Nizhegorodtcev Evgenii dj_world@mail.ru
Chita, Russia
 0000-0002-6448-0141 Transbaikal State University Gerasimov Viktor kafsmim@zabgu.ru
Chita, Russia
 Transbaikal State University Svalova Kristina kristi24091990s@yandex.ru
Chita, Russia
 Layer drainage of fibrous materials in the composition of the ground dams The article is devoted to the design substantiation of a new type of drainage structures based on fibrous materials for ground dams. To assess the effectiveness of the application, two-dimensional modeling of hydraulic processes using the software environment Plaxis 2D AE 2013 finite-element method of a ground dam was carried out. Experimental research has become the basis study the effect of the rock mass on the filtration flow of water passing through the drainage from fibrous polymeric materials. Method of valuation suggested in article of the height of the layer and the slope of drainage from fibrous materials take into account the experimental data obtained for ground dams. 10.34910/MCE.110.1 groundwater dams dikes drainage filtration fibrous materials https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.1/
RAR RUS 11002-11002 6504446571 0000-0001-6981-7420 Jordan University of Science and Technology Al-Rousan Rajai rzalrousan@just.edu.jo
Irbid, Jordan
 Impact of elevated temperature on the shear behavior of strengthened RC beams When the concrete structures are exposed to escalated temperatures (500°C and higher), concrete fails because of the decay of cement hydration products, development of vapor pressure, and undesired variations in the volume of ingredients. Heat-damaged concrete structures can restore their strength when strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). Therefore, an experimental study investigated the influence of elevated temperatures on the shear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened externally with CFRP. For this purpose, forty reinforced concrete beams were cast. Thirty-two of them were externally strengthened with CFRP and eight beams were unanchored and left as a control. The beams then were tested under four-point bending to assess their structural performance in terms of failure modes, and load-displacement relations. Results have shown, explicitly, that the control specimens encountered a brittle failure, unlike the ones strengthened with CFRP, as those had a ductile mode. The strengthened beams showed an increase in the ultimate load-carrying capacity accompanied by an enhancement in mid-span deflection in different percentages with respect to the control beam. This technique also improved the shear capacity of the anchorage area, reflecting an improvement in the effectiveness of the anchored CFRP laminates. Finally, the influence of the exposed temperature on the ductility, energy absorption, and ultimate load reduction percentage is significant and increased with the increase of temperature. 10.34910/MCE.110.2 reinforced concrete elevated temperature shear strength fiber reinforced polymer experimental https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.2/
RAR RUS 11003-11003 55982302500 0000-0002-3449-3515 National Research Moscow State Civil Engineering University Semenov Vyacheslav science-isa@yandex.ru
Moscow, Russia
 572033880443 0000-0003-0962-0006 Research Institute of Building Physics (NIISF RAACS) Bessonov Igor ca2so42h2o@rambler.ru
Moscow, Russia
 0000-0003-0593-3259 National Research Moscow State Civil Engineering University Zhukov Aleksey lj211@yandex.ru
Moscow, Russia
 National Research Moscow State Civil Engineering University Mednikova Elizaveta lisamednikova97@gmail.com
Moscow, Russia
 0000-0001-8327-9980 Research Institute of Building Physics (NIISF RAACS) Govryakov Ilya govr190@mail.ru
Moscow, Russia
 Thermal insulation systems for road bases with foam glass gravel The article discusses the systems of roadbed construction on permafrost and heaving soils with foam glass gravel backfill. The aim of the research was to substantiate the expediency of using foam glass gravel in roadway insulation systems on problematic, including heaving and permafrost soils. This goal was achieved by determining the properties of foam glass gravel, as well as calculating the thermal characteristics and temperature fields in the roadbed. The strength of foam glass gravel, depending on its degree of compaction (from 10 to 50 %), is in the range of 0.90...1.58 MPa, and the thermal conductivity coefficient is from 0.087 to 0.099 W/(m°C). It was found that the water absorption of gravel by volume does not exceed 1.8 %, and the sorption humidity does not exceed 4.2 %. The novelty of the work lies in a comprehensive study of insulation systems using domestically produced foam glass gravel using digital imitation of heat transfer and modeling of the formation of temperature fields. It has been established that the use of heat-insulating backfill of foam glass gravel with a thickness of 0.25 m allows to protect the permafrost soil of the road base from thawing, and to limit the freezing depth to 0.2 m, versus 2.6 m without heat-insulating layer – in case of protection of the road base from freezing. The significance of the research is the development of constructive solutions for the use of foam glass gravel in roadway insulation systems, arranged on problem soils in permafrost conditions and on soils with frost heaving. 10.34910/MCE.110.3 foam glass gravel; heat-insulating material; permafrost; road system; exploitation stability; soil; freezing level; temperature field https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.3/
RAR RUS 11004-11004 54938263800 St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Lukashevich Anatoliy a.luk@bk.ru
2-nd Krasnoarmeiskaya St. 4, 190005 St. Petersburg, Russia
 Finite element models based on the approximation of discontinuous stress fields The paper develops the finite element method (FEM) in the form of the force method and in the mixed form for the calculation of structures. At present, the displacement-based finite element method is mainly used for engineering calculations. Stress-based and mixed finite element formulations are not so widely spread, but in some cases these formulations can be more effective in particular with respect to calculating stresses and also obtaining a two-sided estimate of the exact solution of the problem. The finite element models based on the approximation of discontinuous stress fields and the use of the penalty function method to satisfy the equilibrium equations are considered. It is shown that the continuity of both normal and tangential stresses only on the adjacent sides of the finite elements contributes to the expansion of the class of statically admissible stress fields. At the same time, the consistent approximation is provided, both of the main part of the functional of additional energy, and its penalty part. The necessary matrix relations for rectangular and triangular finite elements are obtained. The effectiveness of the developed models is illustrated by numerical studies. The calculation results were compared with the solution on the FEM in displacements, as well as with the results obtained using other schemes of approximating the stresses in the finite element. It is shown that the model of discontinuous stress approximations gives the bottom convergence of the solution, both in stresses and in displacements. At the same time, the accuracy on the stresses here is much higher than in the displacement-based FEM or when using conventional stress approximation schemes. 10.34910/MCE.110.4 finite element method plane elasticity problem discontinuous stress approximation penalty function method functional of additional energy Reissner functional https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.4/
RAR RUS 11005-11005 0000-0002-2118-8490 Hubei University of Arts and Science Cheng Yu yucheng099@163.com
Xiangyang city, Hubei province,China
 0000-0002-4992-0057 Key Laboratory of C&PC Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University Dong Yao-Rong yaorong099@163.com
Nanjing, China
 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hubei University of Arts and Science Wang Yuan-Yuan wyy1005@seu.edu.cn
Xiangyang City, Hubei Province,China
 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hubei University of Arts and Science Qin Li 414042014@qq.com
Xiangyang City, Hubei Province,China
 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hubei University of Arts and Science Li Ye-Xue warmhearted520@163.com
Xiangyang City, Hubei Province,China
 School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Bai Guo-Liang baiglgh@xauat.edu.cn
Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
 Quantitative bounded method of special long-period ground motions The resonance effect of special long-period ground motions to (super) high-rise buildings is significant, which is likely to cause serious damage to these long-period structures. Therefore, the influence of long-period ground motions cannot be ignored in the seismic design of long-period structures. To provide theoretical basis and quantitative criteria for the selection and evaluation of long-period ground motion records, a quantitative bounded method based on the normalized acceleration spectra is proposed. Firstly, two types of long-period ground motions with reliable information are selected for this research, and the baseline drifting on acceleration, velocity and displacement time-history curve are corrected. Then, the Fourier amplitude spectrum and Power spectral density amplitude of special long-period ground motions are analyzed. Lastly, a quantitative boundary parameter to distinguish near-fault pulse-like (NFPL) and far-field harmonic (FFH) ground motions from common ground motions are discussed. Study results are obtained as follows: The frequency distribution of special long-period ground motions is relatively concentrated in low-frequency band, and the frequency distribution of common ground motions is relatively dispersed in medium-high-frequency band. Power spectral density amplitude and Fourier amplitude spectrum are the specific performance of energy distribution about earthquake records from the aspect of frequency domain, and they have no interrelation with structural seismic response under earthquake excitation. The specific earthquake records whose weighted average value of acceleration amplification factor is less than 0.2 are known as common ground motions. The specific earthquake records whose weighted average value is between in 0.2~0.6 are known as NFPL ground motions. The specific earthquake records whose weighted average value is beyond 0.6 are known as FFH ground motions. It would provide reference for the selection of long-period ground motions during seismic analysis of long-period such as super high-rise building structures. 10.34910/MCE.110.5 long-period ground motions baseline drifting frequency content characteristics acceleration magnification factor quantitative boundary parameter https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.5/
RAR RUS 11006-11006 57202890131 0000-0002-0140-0941 ISSEA-Cnam Lebanon, Maurice Barres Khatib Milad milad.khatib@isae.edu.lb
Beirut, Lebanon
 57194018157 0000-0003-3082-8039 Rafik Hariri University Abou Saleh Zaher abousalehza@rhu.edu.lb
Damour, Lebanon
 0000-0002-4854-0247 Beirut Arab University Baalbaki Ossama obaalbaki@bau.edu.lb
Beirut, Lebanon
 0000-0002-1133-3543 Lebanese University Hamdan Ziad ziad.hamdan.2@ul.edu.lb
Beirut, Lebanon
 Numerical shear of post-tensioned beams with inverted-U shaped reinforcements Previous works verified that, compared to conventional stirrups reinforcements (or closed stirrups reinforcements), the inverted-U shaped reinforcements improve the performance of the flat slabs in terms of failure mode and load capacity. The primary goal of this research was to investigate the numerical advantage of the inverted-U shaped reinforcements in reinforcing post-tension beams (PTB) over the conventional one as well as comparing the results with the ACI provision. Several experiments and numerical analyses were conducted in order to increase the shear strength capacity of reinforced concrete beams using different shear reinforcement systems. Recently, the system’s ability to experimentally improve the shear capacity of bonded post-tensioned beams was explored. In this study, two types of post-tensioned beams were tested using a finite element program (ANSYS 16.0) to help investigate the influence of inverted-U shaped reinforcements on the shear behavior of bonded post-tensioned beams. The numerical results indicated that the limitation on the nominal of shear reinforcements for bonded pre-stressed concrete beams in the ACI 318-14 was too conservative. Good correlation was found between the experimental and the numerical results. 10.34910/MCE.110.6 finite element model 3D modeling bonded post-tensioned beams shear stress inverted-U shaped reinforcements stirrups reinforcements https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.6/
RAR RUS 11007-11007 0000-0001-5875-4321 University of Salahaddin Abdulla Nwzad anwzad@yahoo.com
Erbil, Iraq
 Application of artificial neural networks for prediction of concrete properties The effect of different mix ratios on the mechanical properties of concrete was investigated. The strength and deformation in terms of the strain of normal strength concrete were evaluated under concentric loading. The artificial neural network (ANN) technique was used for predicting the compressive stress and strain at peak stress of concrete. The input parameters for ANN architectures included water/cement ratio, aggregate/cement ratio, and slump values. An equation for predicting the strain of concrete at peak stress was proposed based on ANN output values for compressive stress and strain. The capability and performance of the proposed equation are compared with actual experimental results and predictions from existing fifty-three empirical equations, including several design codes and various strain models for normal and high strength, concretes, using several statistical indexes. The results showed that ANNs have good potential for predicting the compressive strength and strain at peak stress of concrete yielding close predictions with good agreement with the original ones. 10.34910/MCE.110.7 slump aggregate/cement ratio artificial neural network concrete stress strain at peak stress regression ‎analysis https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.7/
RAR RUS 11008-11008 55875561800 0000-0002-8745-7059 Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Rezaei Sadegh S_Rezaei1366@yahoo.com
Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
 56315295500 0000-0001-5546-0950 Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Hasanzadeh Ali a_hasanzade64@yahoo.com
Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
 The site effect investigation using nonlinear and Iranian seismic code methods in Babol city Site effect is known as one of the important issues in geotechnical earthquake engineering. The site effect can change the characteristics of seismic waves and amplify the vibrations which results in the casualties and financial damages. Nonlinear method is an appropriate numerical method for site effect analysis due to its accuracy and its close results compared to the actual soil behavior. Thus, in this research, nonlinear analysis was applied for evaluation of site effect and for achievement of a suitable design spectrum in Babol city located in the north of Iran. For this purpose, first, seismic, geophysical and geotechnical data of Babol city were provided. Then, by modeling the subsurface conditions, the tripartite response spectra were found for different areas of Babol. According to the obtained results, the behaviors of tripartite response spectra are fundamentally different in some frequency ranges. In addition, the shape factors obtained from site analysis for different parts of Babol city were compared with the shape factor of the design spectrum presented by Iranian seismic code. This comparison indicated that the response spectrum obtained through analysis differs from the Iranian seismic code design spectrum. Finally, it can be concluded that the structures designed according to Iranian seismic code are neither safe nor economic in some areas. This issue shows the necessity for more serious consideration of site effect phenomenon in Iranian seismic code. 10.34910/MCE.110.8 earthquake site effect nonlinear method seismic code design spectrum response spectra https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.8/
RAR RUS 11009-11009 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2493-7255 Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) Galishnikova Vera galishnikova-vv@rudn.ru
Moscow, Russia
 57212348775 0000-0002-7168-5786 Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Gebre Tesfaldet tesfaldethg@gmail.com
Moscow, Russia
 The behaviour of thin-walled beam with restrained torsion In this paper, the behaviour of thin-walled sections of a bar with restrained torsion is studied. Neglecting these warping behaviours may generate significant errors, particularly for open profile torsion or shear bending of short beams. The governing equation for non-uniform torsion is used to study the behaviour of the beam with restrained torsion. The variation of the primary torsional moment, secondary torsional moments and warping moments for different value of characteristic number for torsion are presented graphically. Finally, the behaviour and comparison of all torsional moment components with three different thin-walled sections are illustrated by presenting and discussing their results. The section properties, displacements, rotations, stresses and their distribution within the span are compared based on the required value of characteristic number for torsion. It is found that for all thin-walled sections, the characteristic number for torsion is the key criteria for the study of the behaviour of thin-walled sections of a bar with restrained torsion. 10.34910/MCE.110.9 thin-walled structures restrained torsion section properties angle of twist open section closed sections non-uniform warping torsional stress https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.9/
RAR RUS 11010-11010 0000-0001-6799-5792 Karaganda State Technical University Anuarova Ayaulym anuarova_ayaulym@mail.ru
Karaganda, Republic of Kazakhstan
 0000-0002-6275-8381 Karaganda State Technical University Shaikezhan Amankeldi shikg_a@mail.ru
Karaganda, Republic of Kazakhstan
 Belite-containing clinkers from phosphoric slags for refractory materials The article studies the possibility of using phosphoric slag (PS) to obtain stabilized belite clinkers. It is shown that granulated PS as a silica-containing component of a cement raw mixture meets the demand of wide and effective use of production wastes. The complexity of using raw materials is increased with the use of carbide residue in the mixture that is a by-product of the synthetic rubber plant. The experimental data were obtained by chemical, optical, X-ray and thermal analysis methods. Chemical and mineralogical composition and materials properties have been studied before and after heat-treating. The optimal composition of belite clinkers has been selected. The physical and technical parameters of clinkers have been determined. A method for producing refractory products from belite-containing materials has been developed. Mathematical models to determine technological parameters for the refractory products manufacturing based on belite-containing clinkers have been composed. 10.34910/MCE.110.10 phosphoric slag carbide lime belite clinker refractory material https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.10/
RAR RUS 11011-11011 0000-0002-3703-5878 Perm National Research Polytechnic University Ofrikhter Ian ian.ofrikhter@gmail.com
Perm, Russia
 6603146403 0000-0001-6521-9423 Saint-Petersburg Mining University Ponomaryov Andrey andreypab@mail.ru
St. Petersburg, Russia
 56915317300 0000-0001-7475-8779 Saint-Petersburg Mining University Zakharov Alexander zaharav@mail.ru
St. Petersburg, Russia
 57189500257 0000-0002-8556-0255 Perm National Research Polytechnic University Shenkman Roman Rshen@list.ru
Perm, Russia
 Estimation of soil properties by an artificial neural network Empirical dependencies are often used in various fields of geotechnics and civil engineering. The existing empirical formulas are mainly developed with the use of regression and multiple regression. Recently, another predictor is gaining more and more popularity - artificial neural networks. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are one of the artificial intelligence methods relatively new to geotechnical science. This paper discusses the use of artificial neural networks to estimate the mechanical parameters of soils based on known physical characteristics. This problem has been of interest to geotechnical scientists for a long time, and some new correlations between mechanical and physical characteristics still appear. To develop this correlation a fully connected artificial neural network of direct propagation was used in the research. The neural network was trained on the data of laboratory tests of soil samples in the city of Novosibirsk, Russia. The article contains a description of the main features of correlations developing with artificial neural networks. As a result of this study, an artificial neural network was obtained that allows predicting the angle of friction and specific cohesion of clay soil with reasonable accuracy. The topology of the neural network is proposed, and the comparison of the estimation accuracy with the existing equations is carried out. According to the comparison of the results, it turned out that the ANN allows increasing the estimation accuracy of both parameters. 10.34910/MCE.110.11 soils soil mechanics shear strength geotechnical engineering neural networks https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.11/
RAR RUS 11012-11012 56432132200 0000-0003-4584-3004 Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar Shukla Rajesh Prasad rpshukla.2013@iitkalumni.org
Srinagar, India
 Bearing capacity of skirted footing subjected to inclined loading Skirted foundations are nowadays popular due to relatively higher bearing capacity and greater stability compared to strip footing. Foundations are generally subjected to inclined loading in the field. This study aimed to determine the effect of load inclination on bearing capacity, failure mechanism, and efficiency of skirted footing resting on cohesive soil using the finite element method. The footing has been assumed to be rigid, while the skirt has been assumed to be rigid as well flexible in nature. The bearing capacity of footing increases with the increase in skirt length, undrained strength, and footing depth. The provision of the skirt increases the bearing capacity by 1.4–5 times the capacity of strip footing. The bearing capacity decreases with an increase in load inclination, but the effectiveness of the skirt is found to increase. However, efficiency decreases significantly with an increase in the footing depth. The failure mechanism, as well as skirt effectiveness, is independent of soil strength. The failure zone always remains in the bulb shape, irrespective of any other factors. The skirt efficiency enhances by the provision of the rigid skirt in place of a flexible skirt. 10.34910/MCE.110.12 bearing capacity improvement factor skirt inclined loading cohesive soil https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.12/
RAR RUS 11013-11013 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3627-5888 Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin) Kolesnikov Aleksei ao_kolesnikov@mail.ru
Novosibirsk, Russia
 Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS Popov Vladimir popov@itam.nsc.ru
Novosibirsk, Russia
 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-7944 Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin) Kostiuk Tatiana tanyakostuk26@gmail.com
Novosibirsk, Russia
 Pile group effect at vertical vibrations Analysis of the applicability of wave model solution to evaluate the variation of the dynamic stiffness in the pile foundation versus the distance between piles at the vertical vibrations; both experimental data from references and our own measurements in field are involved. To justify the reliability of the solutions of the wave models used to determine the dynamic stiffness values of the pile foundations at the vertical vibrations, we use the data obtained experimentally for the determination of natural frequencies in the cap-bound groups. The data obtained for the natural frequencies of 3×3 floating piles with different distances between them are considered. In addition, the data found at the forced vertical vibrations of the cap-bound groups of 2×2 piles under different loads and at different distances between the piles are involved. Processing of available amplitude-frequency curves involves the solution of the inverse problem with the theory of nonlinear vibrations to determine the parameters of the “pile group – soil” system, namely the effective mass, stiffness, and damping. The correlation between the measured and predicted data is evaluated by using the data obtained at the description of the pile groups in soil behavior. It has been found that the relations obtained at the solution of wave models and used to calculate the dynamic stiffness at the vertical vibrations of pile foundations consider the mutual effect of the piles in the group and permit satisfactory accuracy of the results. The maximum discrepancy between the results and experimental data is 15 %. 10.34910/MCE.110.13 piles pile groups soil-pile interaction soil analysis soil modulus wave model half space https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.13/
RAR RUS 11014-11014 0000-0001-6264-0757 Department of Civil Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University Abrar Obaidullah obaidullah.abrar@gmail.com
Samsun, Turkey
 Department of Civil Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University Tuhta Sertac stuhta@omu.edu.tr
Samsun, Turkey
 Performance of elastomeric seismic isolators under long-period earthquakes This research investigates the performance of elastomeric (laminated rubber) seismic isolators for the protection of medium-rise structures under the effect of long-period earthquakes. A finite element model of a midrise structure with elastomeric seismic isolators has been modeled and the dynamic performance of the structure has been examined under the effect of the 1985 Michoacán (Mexico City), 2003 Tokachi-Oki, 2010 El Mayor, and the 2016 Kaikoura earthquakes. The performance of the structure is studied in three cases, all equipped with elastomeric isolators with different natural periods. The natural-period of isolators in the first, second, and third cases is 2.5, 4, and 5 seconds, respectively. The comparison of the three cases in terms of mitigating earthquake energy shows that the effectiveness of elastomeric seismic isolators with lower periods (2–3 seconds) is significantly limited under the effect of long-period earthquakes. In common practice, elastomeric seismic isolators are produced and used with a natural period of 2–3 seconds, a seismic isolator having a period within the mentioned range will have serious shortcomings for dissipating earthquake energy when subjected to a long-period earthquake. The results of this study indicate that elastomeric seismic isolators with 5-seconds exhibited considerably better performance compared to that of 2.5 and 4-second seismic isolators. 10.34910/MCE.110.14 earthquake engineering seismic isolation elastomeric isolator finite element method long-period earthquake nonlinear analysis https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.14/
RAR RUS 11015-11015 Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Rassokhin Aleksandr rassokhinaleksandr@gmail.com
Polytechnicheskay, 29
 Ponomarev Andrey 9293522@gmail.com 57189716281 0000-0003-3287-3298 Moscow State University of Civil Engineering Karlina Antonina karlinat@mail.ru
Moscow, Russia
 Nanostructured high-performance concretes based on low-strength aggregates In the modern world, construction is often located in remote and hard-to-reach regions, where there are no acceptable quality aggregates for concrete. The transportation of high-quality aggregates leads to a significant increase in the cost of concrete. This paper considers the possibility of developing high-performance concretes using aggregates available in the construction region. This is possible with the use of modern achievements in the field of construction science and construction chemistry, as well as nanotechnology. The strength and mineralogical properties of gneissic granite from the Kem river bed, as well as gabbro-diabase, were investigated. During the experimental work, a high-performance nanostructured concrete based on low-strength gneissic granite was developed. The strength and operational properties of the concrete were determined. The dynamic of gain in strength of concrete at the ages of 7, 28, and 180 days was also studied. The developed binder combination can also be used to produce high-performance concretes with other low-strength aggregates. 10.34910/MCE.110.15 high-performance concrete nanostructured concrete hydrotechnical concrete strength enhancement https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.110.15/