75504 2712-8172 Magazine of Civil Engineering 17 3 2024 1-133
RAR RUS 12701-12701 57199850188 0000-0002-2279-1240 Far Eastern Federal University Fediuk Roman roman44@yandex.ru
8. Suhanova St. Vladivostok, st. Octyabrskaya. 690950. Russia
 V.G. Shukhov Belgorod State Technological University Lesovik Valeriy naukavs@mail.ru branch FGBU "TSNIIP Russian Ministry of Construction" DalNIIS Vavrenyuk Svetlana trusanova2014@mail.ru
Vladivostok, Russian Federation
 East Siberia State University of Technology and Management Zaiakhanov Mikhail roman44@ya.ru
Ulan-Ude, Russia
 East Siberia State University of Technology and Management Bituyev Aleksandr office@esstu.ru
Ulan-Ude, Russia
 Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov Klyuev Sergey Klyuyev@yandex.ru Tongji University Yu Kequan 12yukequan@tongji.edu.cn
Shanghai, China
 V.G. Shukhov Belgorod State Technological University Lesovik Yaroslav lesovik@ya.ru
Belgorod, Russian Federation
 V.G. Shukhov Belgorod State Technological University Bakatov Konstantin bakatov@ya.ru
Belgorod, Russian Federation
 Composite cement materials for structures foundation strengthening There was a development of сomposite cements (CC), that include aluminosilicates (AS), obtained by enrichment of ash-to-slag mixture (up to 65 wt. %), cement clinker, and gypsum. Based on the developed CC, wide range of injection mortars, including crushed granite, was created. Injection mortars are capable of effectively fixing of underground structures foundations soils, providing high strength (25.6 MPa) with deformation modulus 10.1 GPa. These materials have percentage of water separation from 22.5 % at W/B=1 to 36.5 % at W/B=2. Viscosity indicators of these materials indicate high penetrating ability, since time for mortars to flow through Marsh viscometer is 39 and 33 seconds at W/B=1.5 and W/B=2, respectively. Effect of increasing density of injection mortars at 28 days was maximum at AS dosage of 45 wt. %, then it decreased with aluminosilicate content increase. There are high ratios of strength values on second day to those in grade age: for compressive strength 0.24 (0.20–0.22 for additive-free clinker compositions), for flexural strength 0.16 (0.15 for additive-free compositions; with AS content increase above 45 %, this ratio decreases to 0.14). High early strength makes it possible to effectively use injection mortars for urgent fixing of soils during the repair of underground structures. 10.34910/MCE.127.1 691 operation soil reliability seismic resistance weakening technology injection mortar https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2024.127.1/
RAR RUS 12702-12702 0000-0002-4963-6216 State University of Feira de Santana Calazans Kaline Guerra kaline.guerracalazans@hotmail.com
Bahia, Brazil
 35573855100 0000-0003-2937-9520 State University of Feira de Santana Lima Paulo Roberto Lopes prllima@uefs.br
Bahia, Brazil
 6507557277 0000-0001-5867-4452 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Toledo Filho Romildo Dias toledo@coc.ufrj.br
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Mechanical behavior and eco-efficiency of sisal fiber reinforced cement composites containing husk rice ash The use of cementitious composites reinforced with plant fibers in construction elements has emerged as a promising alternative to mitigate the environmental impact of the construction industry. The challenge of chemical incompatibility between plant fibers and the matrix has been addressed through the incorporation of mineral additives, with metakaolin being the most commonly used despite its high energy consumption during production and CO2 generation. An alternative to this industrial additive is rice husk ash (RHA), a pozzolanic material derived from agricultural waste. The research aims to evaluate the influence of a high RHA content replacing cement on the mechanical properties and sustainability indicators of composites reinforced with 4 % and 6 %, by mass, of sisal fibers. Composites incorporating 50 % RHA exhibited higher compressive strength, multiple cracks, and increased toughness under flexion compared to composites with metakaolinite, fly ash, and silica of fume. Sustainability assessments indicated that replacing metakaolin with RHA resulted in reduced CO2 emissions and embodied energy, contributing to the enhanced eco-efficiency of the composites. This improvement was particularly notable in terms of increased compressive strength and toughness. 10.34910/MCE.127.2 624.01 fiber cement composites rice husk ash CO2 emission mechanical behavior eco-strength efficiency embodied energy https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2024.127.2/
RAR RUS 12703-12703 Siberian Federal University Kulikov Boris kulikov-boris@yandex.ru
Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
 0000-0002-4334-3914 Siberian Federal University Vasyunina Natalia nvvasyunina@yandex.ru
Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
 Siberian Federal University Dubova Irina idubova@mail.ru
Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
 Siberian Federal University Samoilo Aleksandr x_lab@rambler.ru
Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
 Siberian Federal University Merdak Nadezhda nadya.merdak.92@mail.ru
Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
 Obtaining and using synthetic fluorite for Portland cement clinker production The given paper deals with the issues of natural raw fluorite material replaced by synthetic fluorite. Natural raw fluorite material is used as a mineralizer during clinker production (by means of roasting). The article studies fluorite synthesis from fluorocarbon-containing waste of aluminium production. Moreover, the article focuses on Portland cement clinker application in production. We analysed the studies of the influence of fluorine-containing additives on the efficiency of Portland cement clinker production. The chemical and phase composition of raw material and caustification products were analysed with the help of X-ray fluorescence analysis, X-ray spectroscopy analysis, chemical titration method. Granulometric composition of solid products, obtained by caustification, was studied with the help of laser particle analyser with reverse design of Fourier lenses ANALYSETTE 22 MicroTec. Pills were pressed using raw mixtures and roasted in laboratory furnace: the raw mixture was heated up to 1100–1450° C at the rate 10° C/min. The results of the laboratory research are given. The final product contains from 20.7 % up to 60.5 % of synthetic fluorite. Empirical dependencies of optimal liquid-solid ratio were obtained. Our solution of the task is to enlarge particle size of synthetic fluorite and to reduce alkalescence. A brief characteristic of hardware and technological scheme of waste caustification is given. The paper also gives an assessment of mineralizing effect of synthetic fluorite, obtained by fluorocarbon-containing waste from aluminium production caustification. We proved the mineralizing effect of the additive based on synthetic fluorite and carbon to be correct. Samples containing synthetic fluorite are characterized by higher shrinkage and lower content of CaOfree at equal temperatures. 10.34910/MCE.127.3 669.71.002.68 fluorocarbon aluminum industrial waste mineralizer synthetic fluorite milk of lime caustification clinker production https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2024.127.3/
RAR RUS 12704-12704 Road and Transport Engineering Department, Al-Qadisiyah University Jihad Amer G. amer.ghani@qu.edu.iq
AL-Qadisiyah, Iraq
 0000-0003-1304-0303 University of Baghdad Karkush Mahdi mahdi_karkush@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq
Baghdad, Iraq
 Performance of geosynthetics-strengthened unconnected piled raft foundations under seismic loading Over the past 20 years, geosynthetic reinforcement has been widely used in earthen constructions. For constrained building projects and challenging ground conditions, geosynthetic-reinforced-pile-supported (GRPS) embankments are regarded as dependable options. There has been significant research into ways to improve the stability of pile foundations, and there has also been some research into the viability of using unconnected piled raft under seismic load. This study investigates the use of geosynthetics to improve the performance of unconnected pile foundations under seismic load. A series of reduced-scale physical model experiments conducted on a shaking table was used to assess the seismic soil-structure interaction behaviors of geosynthetics-reinforced pile foundation systems. The study makes use of disconnected, closed-end aluminum piles with different thicknesses of cushion layers of sand soil and different spacing between piles are used in the study. The performance of disconnected footing was examined using a shaking table to determine the impact of the geosynthetics reinforced. These model findings are used to identify and thoroughly describe the contradictions in the present design methodologies. This study shows the settlement of the foundation under seismic loading decreased by reinforcing the cushion layer with one and two layers of geogrid materials, increasing the thickness of the cushion layer led to increasing the settlement of the foundation under seismic loading, where the settlement decreases with decreasing the value of spacing between piles. However, with further increases in either the cushion thickness or cushion stiffness or both, the effect of improvement would decrease. 10.34910/MCE.127.4 624 unconnected piled raft geosynthetics foundations seismic loading https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2024.127.4/
RAR RUS 12705-12705 56826013600 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Gravit Marina marina.gravit@mail.ru
29 Politechnicheskaya St., St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia
 57208300172 0000-0002-8396-4870 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Kotlyarskaya Irina vasilieva_il@spbstu.ru
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Abdulova Dalia abdulova.dahlia@gmail.com
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 Non-combustible composite materials for fire curtains: thermal analysis and microscopy Fire protection systems are used to prevent fires and the spread of combustion products from one room to another. The systems include screens, curtains, drapes, etc. The article is devoted to the study of fire resistance and thermoanalytical properties of non-combustible materials used in passive fire protection system. Samples based on silica mat (No. 1); ultrafine basalt fiber (No. 2); quartz aerogel (No. 3), and ceramic mat (No. 4) were studied. Sample No. 1 was covered with carbon impregnated fabric. Samples No. 2, 3, 4 were covered with silica fabric with vermiculite coating. During standard fire test, all samples showed fire resistance limit (FRL) E 60. In terms of thermal insulation capacity, sample No. 2 turned out to be the best with the FRL I 30. Thermoanalytical study showed that the maximum weight loss (12.7 %) was recorded in sample No. 1. The minimum weight loss (0.823 %) was recorded in sample No. 2 in a nitrogen atmosphere. Thus, the material filled with ultrafine basalt fiber showed the best results, and it is recommended to be used as part of fire barriers to create fire-resistant casings, covers and fire-resistant curtains. 10.34910/MCE.127.5 699.812 fire buildings and structures passive fire protection system fire resistance limit loss of integrity thermal insulation capacity thermal analysis microscopy fire curtain aerogel basalt fiber https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2024.127.5/
RAR RUS 12706-12706 0000-0003-2404-5724 Middle Technical University, Technical Institute - Anbar Al-Moadhen Muataz Muayad m.m.almoadhen@mtu.edu.iq
Iraq
 Middle Technical University, Technical Institute - Anbar Abdullah Murtatha M. murtathaabdullah@mtu.edu.iq
Iraq
 Middle Technical University, Technical Institute - Anbar Oleiwi Mohammed S mohammadsaab3@gmail.com
Iraq
 On the use of constrained modulus for soil settlement analysis Soil settlement is a key parameter in engineering design of geotechnical structures. Two approaches have been used for the characterization of soil behaviour under one dimensional compression: the linear - nonlinear, the traditional approach, and the modulus-based approach, the constrained modulus. The constrained modulus approach requires the knowledge of effective stress ( ), stress exponent ( ), and soil modulus number ( ). In the current study, the constrained modulus approach was adopted in the settlement analysis. Compressibility data of 130 fine and mixed soils with a variety of composition and mineralogy was used in the analysis. In addition, three common clays, bentonite, sepiolite and attapulgite, was experimentally tested using one-dimensional oedometer compression test and the results were included in the analysis. The analysis shows that the approach of constrained modulus can be effectively used to calculate the settlement of fine and intermediate mixed soils, and the stress exponent ( ) varies from 0 for clayey soils to 0.3–0.6 for intermediate silty and clayey sand soils depending on the soil plasticity and particle size distribution. Also, there is a simple relationship with between the soil modulus number, , and the liquid limit,  in that the higher the liquid limit,  the lower the soil modulus number, . 10.34910/MCE.127.6 624.13 settlement clays silts constrained modulus compression index https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2024.127.6/
RAR RUS 12707-12707 Northern Technical University / Mosul Technical Institute Muhmood Abdulbasit rafeaa2019hadedy@gmail.com
Mosul, Iraq
 Polyethylene terephthalate usage as a partial replacement for recycled fine aggregate in the subbase layer The best way to dispose of construction waste and plastic materials (in Mosul city in the north of Iraq) is to use them as subbase layer of the road to make them both environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Because these materials are not cohesive, a certain percentage of clay was added. The research aimed to dispose of these materials scientifically and deliberately with appropriate California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values obtained from a mixture of (clay soil + recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) + polyethylene). These values are much greater than the CBR values obtained from natural materials used in the design of the road subbase layer. Clay was added to soil in specific proportions: 10 % to type A and 20 % to type B. Various tests were carried out for the mixture to determine Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimal Moisture Content (OMC), and then CBR and swelling. Tests were also carried out to determine the soil permeability (both the permeability rate in centimeters per hour (cm/h), and the coefficient of permeability k in meters per second (m/s)). Polyethylene was added in different proportions as a replacement for the remaining fine aggregate on the sieve No. 8. Multiple percentages of polyethylene terephthalate were used, ranging from 2.5 to 10 for type A (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10 %) and from 5 to 20 for type B (5.0, 10, 15, 20 %), in order to obtain an ideal mixture of (RCA + polyethylene + clay). The CBR was 12 %, which had been more than that of natural soil. The coefficient of permeability was more than 32 m/day, indicating that these mixes could be used for subsurface drainage purposes. This value was reasonable and no noticeable erosion was observed. The subbase would help draining and prevent settlement and channeling. Apart from the sustainable benefit, the mixture (clay soil + RCA + polyethylene) was found to be suitable for use in road pavements, according to the methodologies used in this study. Due to the encouraging results it is recommended to use these techniques to dispose of the waste and debris materials and obtain optima benefits. 10.34910/MCE.127.7 624.1 RCA demolished buildings polyethylene CBR polyethylene https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2024.127.7/
RAR RUS 12708-12708 57195684636 0000-0001-8800-2657 Voronezh State Technical University Slavcheva Galina gslavcheva@yandex.ru 57204526075 0000-0002-6875-754X Voronezh State Technical University Levchenko Artem Alevchenko@vgasu.vrn.ru
Voronezh, Russia
 Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Shvedova Maria marishwedowa@mail.ru
Voronesh, Russia
 Voronezh State Technical University Karakchi-ogly Davut karakchiogli.david@mail.ru
Voronezh, Russian Federation
 Voronezh State Technical University Babenko Dmitry babenko.dmitrii@bk.ru
Voronezh, Russian Federation
 Anisotropy in mechanical properties of 3D-printed layered concrete The article presents the results of studying the mechanical properties of 3D-printed layered concrete (3DPLC), including compressive, flexural, and splitting strength. To assess them, we used a compression test with a load applied perpendicular and parallel to the printed direction; a flexural test with a load applied perpendicular to the printed direction, and a splitting test to evaluate the interlayer bond strength upon the transfer of force along the boundary surface parallel to the printing direction. The mechanical properties of reference cast concrete (CC) were evaluated in accordance with the requirements of Russian standards. We established a significant anisotropy of the mechanical properties of 3DPLC along and perpendicular to the printed layers as well as a significant reduction in all strength values compared to similar values of reference CC. The printing time gap was the determining factor in the reduction of values of the mechanical properties for 3DPLC. When it increased to 20 minutes, a critical decrease in the interlayer bond strength was observed. At the same time, a threefold drop in the strength of 3DPLC compared to similar characteristics of CC could be observed in case of a decrease in humidity and a change in temperature in the range of +(10–30) °C. The impact of the curing condition on the variability of the mechanical properties of 3DPLC depended on the particle size distribution of fillers and aggregates that determined the surface roughness of the printed layer. The range of changes in the strength of sand-based printed concrete in case of varying temperature and humidity of curing (with a similar printing time gap) was 30–70 %, and for limestone-based printed concrete it was 1.5–3 times. 10.34910/MCE.127.8 666.9.03 additive manufacturing 3D-printed concrete mechanical properties strength anisotropy https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2024.127.8/
RAR RUS 12709-12709 CHELBI Engineering Consultants Inc. Li Hanqing 79549482@qq.com
China
 Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur Sun Qiao 465390034@qq.com
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur Ideris Zakaria ideris753@gmail.com
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 55516020800 Northeast Forestry University Zhao Qianqian 492954791@qq.com
Harbin Heilongjiang, China
 57199850188 0000-0002-2279-1240 Far Eastern Federal University Fediuk Roman roman44@yandex.ru
8. Suhanova St. Vladivostok, st. Octyabrskaya. 690950. Russia
 Central South University Lei Yuchuan 1371904682@qq.com
Changsha, China
 Northeast Agricultural University Yuze Yang 18645921558@qq.com
Harbin, China
 The roughness and bumping model for cement pavement in seasonal frost regions The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics software suit was used to test the model's goodness of fit and its normal distribution. Combined with the actual pavement survey data these tools were used to verify the model. The research results show that: permafrost and water-rich conditions have the same effect on pavement roughness and bumping; four key factors, including pavement riding quality index (RQI), pavement bumping index (PBI), frozen soil and water-rich environmental factors have significant impact on pavement roughness and bumping. The prediction model adjusted R2 is 0.970, which is close to 1. The proposed model provides a high degree of fit and satisfies the assumption of normal distribution. When the PBI is from 87.5 to 95, the permafrost environmental factor is from 0.0002 to 0.0014, and the water-rich environmental factor is from 10.73 to 14.87, the prediction level of the model is the best. The model's RQI prediction value and the measured value has a degree of fit 0.987, which shows a good prediction effect. The prediction model can reasonably predict the roughness and the bumping of cement concrete pavement, which is of great significance to improve road traffic safety and to prolong the service life of cement concrete pavement in seasonal frost regions and water-rich areas. 10.34910/MCE.127.9 624 concrete pavement management numerical model regression analysis https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2024.127.9/
RAR RUS 12710-12710 57170472500 0000-0002-1027-1811 Volgograd State Agricultural University Klochkov Yury Klotchkov@bk.ru
Volgograd, Russia
 7202396806 0000-0002-7098-5998 Volgograd State Agricultural University Nikolaev Anatoliy anpetr40@yandex.ru
Volgograd, Russia
 57189646401 0000-0001-9148-2815 Volgograd State Technical University Pshenichkina Valeria vap_hm@list.ru
Volgograd, Russian Federation
 55235780600 0000-0001-9234-7287 Volgograd State Agricultural University Vakhnina Olga ovahnina@bk.ru
Volgograd, Russia
 57215535887 Lomonosov Moscow State University Klochkov Michael m.klo4koff@yandex.ru
Moscow, Russia
 Three-field FEM for analysis of thin elastic shells To obtain a finite element algorithm in the three-field formulation, a conditional functional was used, based on the equality of the actual work of the internal force factors (internal forces and moments) at the strains and curvatures of the middle surface. As an addition, the functional assumed the condition that the work of the residual of internal forces at the strains and curvatures of the middle surface had been equal to zero. The difference between the adopted internal forces and the internal forces represented through the strains and curvatures of the middle surface according to Hooke's law was used as the residual of internal forces. A quadrilateral fragment of the middle surface of a thin shell was used as the finite element. Kinematic quantities (displacements and their first order derivatives), strain quantities (strains and curvatures of the middle surface) and force quantities (internal forces and moments) were taken as the nodal unknowns. Approximating expressions with Hermite polynomials of third degree were used to approximate kinematic quantities. The sought strain and force quantities were approximated through the corresponding nodal unknowns by bilinear shape functions. A finite element stiffness matrix (with the dimensions 36x36) with respect to the kinematic nodal unknowns was formed through the functional minimization. Specific examples showed the efficiency of the three-field finite element algorithm in determining the displacements, strains and internal forces. 10.34910/MCE.127.10 539.3 three-field functional finite element method strain tensor curvature tensor forces moments https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2024.127.10/