75504 2712-8172 Magazine of Civil Engineering 18 4 136 2025 1-118
RAR RUS 13601-13601 College of Engineering, University of Babylon Hasan Zaid Ali zaid.hasan.bib@atu.edu.iq
Babylon, Iraq
 57202304568 0000-0003-0866-8526 College of Engineering, University of Babylon Nasr Mohammed Salah msn_alamar@yahoo.com
Babylon, Iraq
 Technical Institute of Babylon, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University (ATU) Kubba Huda Zuhair inb.huda@atu.edu.iq
Babylon, Iraq
 Department of Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College Hashim Tameem Mohammed tameemmohammed@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq
Babylon, Iraq
 Early and long-term performance of green mortar made from the waste of electrical cables The disposal of solid waste has become one of the critical issues facing governments due to its environmental impact due to the difficulty of its decomposition. Electric cable waste (ECW) is one of these wastes. Its production increased in Iraq over time due to the demolition and reconstruction of residential and commercial homes. Therefore, reusing it in other industries, such as concrete technology, is a promising solution. Limited studies have studied the utilization of these local wastes as a replacement for natural sand in the short and long term. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the properties of mortar incorporating recycled ECW as a partial replacement for sand. The fine aggregate (natural sand) was replaced by weight with ECW ranging from 0 to 25 % in the step of 5 %. Flow rate, as well as mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strengths, and density), were executed at 7, 28, and 360 days. It was found that the best performance was obtained at a replacement ratio of 5 % of ECW with mechanical strengths close to or slightly less than the reference sample and a 17 % reduction in density. However, regarding sustainability, it is possible to produce a lightweight structural mortar with a density lower than 1700 kg/m3 and a compressive strength of 36 MPa at 360 days when replacing the natural sand with 25 % ECW. 10.34910/MCE.136.1 69 electric cable waste recycling sustainable mortar mechanical properties https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2025.136.1/
RAR RUS 13602-13602 0009-0001-8467-6301 Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov Prisyazhnyuk Anastasia vosxod1962@mail.ru
Belgorod, Russian Federation
 0009-0005-2057-6503 Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov Vorontsov Victor victorvorontsov2012@yandex.ru
Belgorod, Russian Federation
 Production of glass-alkali binder for construction purposes by recycling of cullet Municipal solid waste poses significant environmental challenges due to its wide range and potential contaminating impact. Finding sustainable solutions for its disposal is imperative. Moreover, certain types of municipal solid waste can serve as valuable resources in the construction sector. This study introduces a novel non-firing binder, devoid of cement, crafted from cullet, caustic alkali, water, and a plasticizing additive. These constituents undergo collaborative wet grinding in a ball mill, achieving a specific surface area of 500–550 m2/kg. Concurrently during milling, glass particles are ground, and amorphous silica is leached with an alkaline solution, yielding a viscous-fluid adhesive mass enriched with siliceous compounds. This mass fills metal mold cells; upon attaining stripping strength, samples undergo heat treatment (drying) up to 90ºC. During this process, sols transform into polysilicic acid gels, which, after 5–6 hours, partially crystallize, achieving requisite strength. The resulting binder, produced without firing, boasts a compressive strength of approximately 25 MPa and a water resistance coefficient of 0.89. Suitable for low-grade concrete production (including glass concrete, fine-grained concrete, and foam concrete), its microstructure was analyzed via scanning electron microscopy, affirming the effective utilization of cullet in construction materials. 10.34910/MCE.136.2 69 cullet glass-alkali binder recycling compressive strength water resistance https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2025.136.2/
RAR RUS 13603-13603 University of Mosul Abdulmawjoud Ayman A aymanmawjoud@uomosul.edu.iq
Mosul, Iraq
 University of Mosul Hammadi Mahmood K. amahmood.22enp4@student.uomosul.edu.iq
Mosul, Iraq
 Using bio-oil as a rejuvenator for asphalt extracted from reclaimed asphalt pavement Every year, huge quantities of asphalt pavement resulting from road rehabilitation are crushed. To address the threat of waste accumulation and achieve a sustainable environment, the world has turned to recycling these asphalt wastes by treating them with renewable materials for reuse. In this research, bio-oil, which is a green liquid composed of oils extracted from biomass (corn oil, hill oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil and vegetable oil), was used. Many studies have employed different types of bio-oil as rejuvenators, showing good results for aged asphalt treated with bio-oil. Therefore, this type of bio-oil was used to demonstrate its effect on the physical condition and physical properties of bio-oil. One of the characteristics of the reclaimed asphalt was tested by adding bio-oil in different weight percentages (1 %, 2 %, 3 % and 4 %) to a blend of 70 % virgin asphalt and 30 % reclaimed asphalt to determine the ideal bio-oil proportion. Physical tests (penetration, softening point, ductility and viscosity) were conducted on the mixture. The results showed that adding bio-oil at an optimum rate of 1.31 % to the mixture increased penetration and ductility by 15.6 % and 34 %, respectively; reduced the softening point by 7 % and decreased viscosity at 135 °C and 165 °C by 33 % and 58 %, respectively. According to the results, aged asphalt can be renewed to a condition similar to virgin asphalt, offering both environmental and practical benefits by reducing waste. 10.34910/MCE.136.3 625 bio oil reclaimed asphalt pavement rejuvenator virgin asphalt aged asphalt https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2025.136.3/
RAR RUS 13604-13604 6506150284 0000-0003-1139-3164 Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) Sainov Mikhail mp_sainov@mail.ru
Moscow, Russia
 Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) Boldin Aleksandr alex.boldin2012@yandex.ru
Moscow, Russian Federation
 Pore pressure in the core of ultra-high earth core rockfill dam at consideration of stress-strain state  In the clayey core of the rockfill dam, pore pressure always appears, which may present a serious threat to the dam safety. Therefore, in the middle of the 20th century, there started the development a theory of clayey soil consolidation in cores of earth core rockfill dams; analytical methods were developed to calculate pore pressure. However, these methods are approximate; they do not permit modeling complicated processes of soil consolidation in the structure. The published data of field measurements at the ultra-high dam of Nurek HPP give evidence about the fact that the processes of accumulation and dissipation of pore pressure in the core soil have a complicated character. At the initial stages of construction, there observed a gradual growth of pore pressure due to the weight of the overlying soil layers. But at the completion stages, pore pressure rapidly decreased, and its values approached the values, which are characteristic for the regime of steady seepage. These effects cannot be explained and simulated by a traditional method of analysis. The rate of seepage is too small to provide occurrence of so rapid processes. Therefore, for study of the processes of pore pressure formation in the core of Nurek dam, a more complicated and accurate method was used, i.e. the method of numerical modeling. Numerical modeling permits joint solving the tasks related to stress-strain state and seepage regime in the structure. Use of numerical modeling permitted us with sufficient accuracy to simulate the pore pressure formation process in the core of Nurek dam, as well as to analyze the causes of the observed effects. It was revealed that the main role in pore pressure formation is played not by the process of water seepage but by the process of the dam stress-strain state formation. Decrease of increased pore pressure due to dead weight loads takes place due to the dam lateral expansion. Increase of pore pressure before the seepage pressure is due to soil deformation under the action of force loads from the upstream side. The considered analytical method of analysis does not take into account the peculiarities of formation of stress-strain state of the rockfill dam earth core, it does not consider appearance of pore pressure from the upstream loads. Therefore, the real processes of the core soil consolidation cannot be simulated with its aid. 10.34910/MCE.136.4 624.011.1 pore water pressure earth core rockfill dam soil consolidation filtration dam core stress-strain state numerical modeling Nurek dam https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2025.136.4/
RAR RUS 13605-13605 0000-0001-9311-3765 Petersburg State Transport University Yefremov Gleb frost0077@mail.ru
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 Petersburg State Transport University Shestovitskiy Dmitriy shestovitsky@mail.ru
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 Probabilistic model for predicting the corrosion-fatigue durability of reinforced concrete railway bridges This study proposes a probabilistic model for assessing the service life of a reinforced concrete railway bridge based on the criterion of corrosion-fatigue durability, taking into account the dynamics of the moving load. Currently, there is no similar methodology approved in the standards of the Russian Federation, as well as in the Eurocodes, while corrosion-fatigue destruction of reinforcement is typical in conditions of chloride-aggressive environments and repetitive loads. In this model, total service life of reinforced concrete superstructure is sum of three periods: corrosion initiation period, crack nucleation period, and crack propagation period. In each period, stochastic variables are specified by probability density functions. As an example of calculating the service life, one of the bridges developed during the design of the Moscow – St. Petersburg High-Speed Railway was chosen. Monte Carlo method was used as the way to modelling the stochastic nature of problem. Failure criteria was the critical crack growth, and crack growth process was modelled using Paris law. The form of the obtained probability density functions for each stage is lognormal; the greatest contribution to the total service life was made by the period of corrosion initiation. In the future, the use of the method will allow the engineer to design structures with a given durability, increase the service life of reinforced concrete bridge spans and more accurately plan funds for repairs of reinforced concrete bridges. 10.34910/MCE.136.5 624.21 electric cable waste recycling sustainable mortar mechanical properties https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2025.136.5/
RAR RUS 13606-13606 0009-0008-4796-0785 University of Guilan Rajabi Jorshari Milad miladcivil.r84@gmail.com
Rasht, Iran
 University of Guilan Malekzadeh Majid
Rasht, Iran
 0009-0000-5678-640X University of Guilan Hajati Modaraei Ataollah dr.modaraei@gmail.com
Rasht, Iran
 The effect of using internal curing on chloride penetration of self-compacting concrete  In recent years, the use of internal curing has received attention as a solution to reduce problems caused by shrinkage in self-compacting concrete (SCC). However, the use of internal curing agents increases the internal porosity of concrete, which can lead to durability issues in some environmental conditions. This study examines the effects of internal curing on the properties and durability of SCC incorporating recycled Lightweight aggregate (RLWA) and superabsorbent polymers (SAP) as internal curing agents. Mixtures containing 15 % and 30 % RLWA or 0.1 % SAP were evaluated under both saturated and 50 % relative humidity conditions. The tests included compressive strength and rapid chloride migration. The results indicated that under 50 % relative humidity, internal curing agents enhanced compressive strength by up to 6.8 % at 28 days and reduced the chloride ion diffusion coefficient by up to 18.4 % at 360 days. Using the chloride diffusion coefficients obtained, along with the Crank–Nielsen method, the phenomenon of chloride ion penetration in concrete was modeled, and the initiation time for reinforcement corrosion was estimated. SAP extended the corrosion initiation time by 25.8 % compared to Ref.-DW and demonstrated 17.2 % superior durability performance compared to 15RLWA-DW. The findings show that SAP is a more effective internal curing agent for improving the durability and corrosion resistance of SCC in unsaturated environments, offering a valuable approach to enhancing concrete durability. 10.34910/MCE.136.6 691 self-compacting concrete internal curing agent superabsorbent polymer chloride ion diffusion coefficient recycled lightweight aggregate https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2025.136.6/
RAR RUS 13607-13607 6507406311 0000-0001-8289-2361 Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov Yadykina Valentina vvya@intbel.ru
Belgorod, Russian Federation
 0009-0000-5896-5524 Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov Mikhaylova Olga mihaylovalymar@mail.ru
Belgorod, Russian Federation
 57189716281 0000-0003-3287-3298 Moscow State University of Civil Engineering Karlina Antonina karlinat@mail.ru
Moscow, Russia
 M-6585-2013 6508103761 0000-0002-1196-8004 Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Vatin Nikolai vatin@mail.ru
Polytechnicheskay, 29
 National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University Martyushev Nikita martjushev@tpu.ru
Tomsk, Russian Federation
 Effectiveness of wax additives in cast asphalt concrete mixtures The use of cast asphalt concrete mixtures makes it possible to produce road surfaces with very high wear resistance and water resistance. One of the problems of using cast asphalt concrete mixtures is the need for high temperature of their preparation. This significantly increases energy costs, worsens the labour conditions of workers and negatively affects the environment. Therefore, it is very important to search for effective methods to reduce the temperature of production of cast asphalt concrete mixtures without deterioration of their performance characteristics. One of the promising solutions to this problem is the use of synthetic waxes as additives that change the rheological properties of bituminous binder. Besides, the use of additives based on synthetic waxes makes it possible to improve the resistance of asphalt concretes to plastic deformations, which is very important for cast asphalt concrete pavements. In this paper, changes in the physical and chemical properties of bitumen binder modified with a new complex additive Viskodor PV-2 are investigated. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this additive, these changes were compared with those observed when the well-known wax modifiers Licomont BS-100 and Sasobit were introduced into bitumen. The effect of these additives on the properties of cast asphalt concrete was also studied. It has been established that the introduction of 2.5 % of the investigated additives allows reducing the temperature of paving of cast asphalt concrete by at least 30 °C without reducing its strength characteristics. It is revealed that the use of Viscodor PV-2 in the composition of cast asphalt concrete contributes to the increase in the value of workability with a simultaneous decrease in the index of the die indentation depth. It is established that the efficiency of Viscodor PV-2, used as an additive to reduce the temperature of preparation of cast asphalt concrete mixtures, is not inferior to the known waxes Licomont BS-100 and Sasobit. 10.34910/MCE.136.7 69 cast asphalt concrete mix bitumen binder bitumen modifiers waxes mineral mix characteristics of cast asphalt concrete https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2025.136.7/
RAR RUS 13608-13608 0000-0001-5912-1235 Don State Technical University Tiraturyan Artem tiraturjanartem@gmail.com
Rostov-on-Don, Russia
 Relative hysteresis as an indicator of structural condition of pavements The paper is devoted to the experimental study of dynamic hysteresis under impact loading on the surface of flexible pavements. The relevance of the study is associated with the lack of informative indicators of the condition of pavements, which would allow for the assessment of their structural condition taking into account the mechanisms of viscoelastic deformation. A FWD PRIMAX 1500 falling weight deflectometer was used as the measuring equipment, which allows for the registration of dynamic hysteresis loops on the pavement surface under impact loading. Based on the recorded hysteresis loops, the values of dissipated energy, potential energy of deformation and relative hysteresis were determined. For the first time, the quantitative values of relative hysteresis characterizing energy absorption in different pavement layers have been determined. The regularities of change in the relative hysteresis value with increasing load transmitted by the impact loading unit have been established. It is shown that the curve of relative hysteresis change as the load increases contains two sections. A flat section, where its value is close to constant, and a section with a monotonic increase in the value of relative hysteresis, which suggests that the loads causing this monotonic increase are critical, forming a ‘dangerous’ fracture energy in the pavement. This result can be used in the preparation of short ultimate axial loads, as well as in the development of projects for the transport of heavy loads on public roads. 10.34910/MCE.136.8 625.7/.8 flexible pavements mechanical properties dissipated energy hysteresis loop fracture https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2025.136.8/
RAR RUS 13609-13609 0009-0009-7500-7307 Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Zagorodnii Serafim zagorodniy.serafim@mail.ru
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University Petrochenko Marina mpetroch@mail.ru
Polytechnicheskay, 29
 LLC ID Engineering Nedviga Pavel pavel.nedviga@gmail.com
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 Method for developing a corporate BIM classification system The advancement of building information modeling (BIM) technologies is driving the implementation of construction information classification systems (CICS) to structure and standardize data across all phases of a project's lifecycle. This study aims to develop a formalized method for the formation of CICS, incorporate algorithms for selecting expert groups, develop the classification system, and assess its quality using the Delphi method. The proposed approach systematizes the classifier development process and ensures the incorporation of expert opinions, thereby enhancing the objectivity of evaluation and minimizing the risk of subjective distortions. The method consists of multiple iterative development cycles, each accompanied by testing and expert evaluation of the implemented improvements. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a comparative analysis was conducted, evaluating time and financial expenditures as well as the quality of the classification systems obtained using both the traditional and the newly proposed methods. The method was tested in a real-world production environment, where the CICS developed using the new method received 45 % higher expert ratings compared to traditional methods, while time and financial costs were reduced by 43 %. Thus, the application of the developed method optimizes the formation of CICS and enhances the quality of the final outcome, which is particularly relevant given the increasing complexity of construction projects and the accelerating digitalization of the construction industry. 10.34910/MCE.136.9 69.05.04 BIM building information modeling BIM technologies classification in construction construction information classification system classifier classifier development method building lifecycle civil engineering СAD https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2025.136.9/
RAR RUS 13610-13610 0000-0003-1304-0303 University of Baghdad Karkush Mahdi mahdi_karkush@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq
Baghdad, Iraq
 University of Baghdad Nafel Sajjad sajjad.nafil2001m@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq
Bagdad, Iraq
 Numerical modeling of connected and disconnected piled raft foundation under seismic loading in clayey soil The disconnected piled raft foundation (DCPRF) is one of the newly introduced type of foundations in geotechnical engineering, which greatly reduces the moment and stress on the pile head. In addition, this type of foundation is an ideal choice in areas with seismic activity due to the presence of cushion material between the raft and the piles. This paper aims to present a numerical model in PLAXIS-3D software to simulate the behavior of the connected piled raft foundations (CPRFs) and DCPRFs with the same number and pattern of the piles, under the influence of seismic loading in clayey soil. The study will depend on the earthquake that struck Iraq in November 2017 in the Halabja region of strength 7.3 on Richter scale with PGA (0.1 g). To verify the results of the proposed numerical model, the settlement calculated from numerical is compared with field measurement for the Messe-Torhaus building in Frankfurt and the difference was 2 %. The horizontal displacement of the raft in the CPRF is less than the horizontal displacement of the raft in the DCPRF during seismic loading by 15 %. The vertical displacement in the DCPRF decreased by 7 % in comparison with the CPRF. For the DCPRF, the bending moment value is approximately equal to zero at the head of the piles, and the maximum bending moment value was in the middle of the pile. 10.34910/MCE.136.10 624.011.1 connected piled raft disconnected piled raft cushion seismic loading clayey soil numerical analysis https://engstroy.spbstu.ru/article/2025.136.10/